Aligning Protocol Data Units

ABSTRACT

An apparatus for receiving one or more protocol data units (PDUs) from a word aligned queue including a media access control (MAC) physical-layer (PHY) coprocessor (MPC) logically residing between a physical-layer controller and a media access controller (MAC) processor. The MPC is configured to access a reception physical-layer queue storing a burst, such that the reception physical-layer queue includes a plurality of word lines. The burst includes one or more PDUs that each occupy one or more word lines of the reception physical-layer queue, such that a particular word line stores a portion of a first PDU and a portion of second PDU. The MPC is also configured to receive from the reception physical-layer queue the first PDU including the portion of the first PDU stored in the selected word line.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates in general to communication systems and moreparticularly to aligning protocol data units.

BACKGROUND

High speed wireless services, such as WiMAX, are becoming morewidespread and may be necessary for mobile subscribers to utilize somecommunication services, such as streaming video. A base station mayprovide high speed wireless service to multiple mobile subscribers.Thus, a base station may be required to process multiple data units forreception and transmission. As a result, the ability to provide anapparatus and a method for efficiently processing multiple data unitsfor transmission and reception in a mobile network environment presentsa significant challenge to system designers and network operators.

SUMMARY

In one particular embodiment, an apparatus for receiving one or moreprotocol data units (PDUs) from a word aligned queue including a mediaaccess control (MAC) physical-layer (PHY) coprocessor (MPC) logicallyresiding between a physical-layer controller and a media accesscontroller (MAC) processor. The MPC is configured to access a receptionphysical-layer queue storing a burst, such that the receptionphysical-layer queue includes a plurality of word lines. The burstincludes one or more PDUs that each occupy one or more word lines of thereception physical-layer queue, such that a particular word line storesa portion of a first PDU and a portion of second PDU. The MPC is alsoconfigured to receive from the reception physical-layer queue the firstPDU including the portion of the first PDU stored in the selected wordline.

In another particular embodiment, an apparatus for writing one or moreprotocol data units to a word aligned queue including a media accesscontrol physical-layer coprocessor (MPC) logically residing between aphysical-layer controller and a media access controller (MAC) processor.The MPC is configured to receive a first PDU from system memory, suchthat the system memory is byte aligned. The MPC is also configured toprepare the first PDU for storage in a transmission physical-layer (PHY)queue, such that the first PDU is byte aligned. The transmission PHYqueue is word aligned and includes a plurality of word lines. The MPC isalso configured to write the first PDU to the transmission PHY queue.

Other technical advantages will be readily apparent to one skilled inthe art from the following figures, descriptions, and claims. Moreover,while specific advantages have been enumerated above, variousembodiments may include all, some or none of the enumerated advantages.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a more complete understanding of the present disclosure and itsadvantages, reference is now made to the following description, taken inconjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram illustrating an example mobilewireless environment according to a particular embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram illustrating an example data burstin accordance with a particular embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a simplified block diagram of an example base station in themobile wireless environment of FIG. 1 in accordance with a particularembodiment;

FIG. 4 is a simplified block diagram of an example transmission moduleof the base station of FIG. 3 in accordance with a particularembodiment;

FIG. 5 is a simplified block diagram illustrating certain componentsfrom FIG. 3 and an example operation of a controller during a bursttransmission process in accordance with a particular embodiment;

FIG. 6 is a simplified block diagram of an example transmission mediaaccess control (MAC) protocol data unit (MPDU) descriptor in accordancewith a particular embodiment;

FIG. 7 is a simplified block diagram of an example transmission directmemory access (DMA) descriptor in accordance with a particularembodiment;

FIG. 8 is a simplified block diagram of an example reception module ofthe base station of FIG. 3 in accordance with a particular embodiment;

FIG. 9 is a simplified block diagram of an example reception MPDUdescriptor in accordance with a particular embodiment;

FIG. 10 is a simplified block diagram of an example processed MPDU inaccordance with a particular embodiment;

FIG. 11 is a simplified block diagram of an example key table inaccordance with a particular embodiment;

FIG. 12 is a flow chart illustrating an example operation of a MACphysical layer (PHY) coprocessor (MPC) processing a management messagein uplink mode;

FIG. 13A is a simplified block diagram illustrating an example operationof the MPC receiving an MPDU from system memory and aligning the MPDU ina transmission PHY queue in accordance with a particular embodiment;

FIG. 13B is a simplified block diagram illustrating an example operationof the MPC receiving an MPDU from a reception PHY queue and aligning theMPDU in system memory in accordance with a particular embodiment;

FIG. 14A is a flow chart illustrating an example operation of the MPCreceiving an MPDU from system memory and aligning the MPDU in atransmission PHY queue in accordance with a particular embodiment; and

FIG. 14B is a flow chart illustrating an example operation of the MPCreceiving an MPDU from a reception PHY queue and aligning the MPDU insystem memory in accordance with a particular embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram illustrating an example mobilewireless environment according to a particular embodiment. Asillustrated, mobile wireless environment 10 includes a network 20, aplurality of base stations 30, a base station controller 40, andmultiple user devices 50.

In one particular embodiment, portions of mobile wireless environment10, such as base station controllers 40, base stations 30, and userdevices 50, may generally be configured or arranged to implement awireless network, such as Worldwide Interoperability for MicrowaveAccess (WiMAX) network based on the IEEE 802.16-2004 standard. In a moreparticular embodiment, mobile wireless environment 10 may utilize mobileWiMAX technology based on the 802.16e-2005 amendment to the IEEE802.16-2004 standard. It should be noted, that any of the IEEE 802.16family of standards, including the 802.16e-2005 amendment will bereferred to in this disclosure as WiMAX. Reference to WiMAX is providedfor example purposes only and mobile wireless environment 10 mayalternatively utilize any communication technology capable of providingmobile or fixed wireless broadband services. For example, mobilewireless environment 10 may utilize any suitable wireless communicationtechnologies, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), CDMA2000,GSM, general packet radio service (GPRS), EDGE, universal mobiletelecommunications system (UMTS), evolution-data optimized (EV-DO), IEEE802.11 (Wi-Fi), or any combination of the preceding.

Communications within mobile wireless environment 10 may employ anysuitable communication protocol. In particular embodiments, mobilewireless environment 10 may utilize communication protocols that allowfor the addressing or identification of endpoints, nodes, and/or othercomponents coupled to a communication network such as, for examplenetwork 20. For example, using Internet protocol (IP), each of thecomponents coupled together within mobile wireless environment 10 may beidentified using IP addresses. In this manner, mobile wirelessenvironment 10 may support any form and/or combination ofpoint-to-point, multicast, unicast, or other techniques for exchangingdata packets. Since IP networks share a common method of transmittingdata, telecommunication signals may be transmitted between deviceslocated on different, but interconnected, IP networks via network 20. Inaddition to being coupled to other IP networks, components of mobilewireless environment 10 may also be coupled to non-IP telecommunicationnetworks, for example through the use of any suitable interface and/orgateway.

Network 20 represents communication equipment, including hardware andany appropriate controlling logic, for interconnecting elements coupledto network 20. In particular, network 20 may enable the communication ofaudio and/or video telecommunication signals, data, and/or messages,including signals, data, or messages transmitted through text chat,instant messaging, and e-mail (all collectively referred to herein as“data”). Network 20 may comprise all, or a portion of, a radio accessnetwork (RAN), a public switched telephone network (PSTN); a public orprivate data network; a local area network (LAN); a metropolitan areanetwork (MAN); a wide area network (WAN); a local, regional, or globalcommunication or computer network such as the Internet; a wireline orwireless network; an enterprise intranet; or any combination of thepreceding. To facilitate certain communication capabilities, network 20may include any combination of gateways, routers, hubs, switches, accesspoints, and any other hardware, software, or any combination of thepreceding that may implement any suitable protocol or communication.While the illustrated embodiment indicates that mobile wirelessenvironment 10 includes a single network 20, mobile wireless environment10 may include any number or arrangement of networks 20.

Base stations 30 represent equipment that supports wirelesscommunications between user devices 50 and other elements of mobilewireless environment 10. Base stations 30 may generally include anynumber and configuration of devices and components operable to transmitand receive wireless radio signals. Such devices and components mayinclude radio towers, antennas, signal processors, signal amplifiers andother suitable equipment for signal management. Base stations 30 mayalso include encryption and decryption elements for processingcommunications between components of mobile wireless environment 10.Certain components of an example base station 30 and their operation aredescribed in greater detail below.

In operation, each base station 30 may handle or otherwise managecommunication sessions within one or more cells of a wirelesscommunication network. Among other things, each base station 30 maycommunicatively couple a user device 50 located within a serviced cellof a wireless network to one or more elements through a communicationlink established and maintained using any suitable wireless or mobilecommunication protocol. Additionally, a base station 30 may connect auser device 50 to a communication network such as network 20. Throughthis connection, a user device 50 within mobile wireless environment 10may communicate with a component and/or user device 50 positionedremotely from mobile wireless environment 10. While certainfunctionality of base stations 30 have been described, a base station 30may be any device operable to provide wireless or mobile access to acommunication network.

Base station controller 40 may operate as a management component for acellular or mobile network such as mobile wireless environment 10. Basestation controller 40 may control and manage the flow of data to andfrom base stations 30. Some of the responsibilities of base stationcontroller 40 may include management of radio channels and assisting inhandover scenarios. To provide the recited functionality, base stationcontroller 40 may include any suitable number and combination ofprocessors, memories, and other hardware. Base station controller 40 mayalso include software and encoded logic for execution by one or moreprocessors.

User devices 50 may represent any suitable combination of hardware,software, and/or encoded logic to provide communication services to auser. For example, user devices 50 may include telephones; cell phones;computers running telephony, email, or other forms of messaging and/orcommunication software; end user devices; video monitors; cameras;personal digital assistants (PDAs); or any other communication hardware,software, and/or encoded logic that supports the communication of voice,video, text or other suitable forms of data. Although FIG. 1 illustratesa particular number and configuration of user devices 50, mobilewireless environment 10 contemplates any number or arrangement of suchcomponents to support communication of data. User devices 50 may connectto or communicate with a base station 30 and/or network 20 using anysuitable telecommunication standard or protocol.

Communications between a user device 50 and a base station 30 mayutilize data bursts. In cellular and other wireless communicationtechnologies, such as, for example, IEEE 802.16e, a burst may representthe basic element by which data and other information is communicated.Preparing bursts for transmission and reception may require substantialprocessing which may restrict the number of communication sessions thata base station may suitably support. Accordingly, it may be desirable toreduce the required processing for transmitting and receiving bursts.

FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram illustrating an example data burstin accordance with a particular embodiment. As illustrated, burst 200includes multiple protocol data units (PDUs) 202 a-d. In general, eachPDU 202 a-d may represent a data frame and contain all, or a portion of,block of data associated with any packet based communication protocol.More particularly, each PDU 202 a-d may represent may include dataassociated with one or more IP packets. In a particular embodiment, eachPDU 202 may be a media access control (MAC) PDU (MPDU). Additionally,each PDU 202 may further include specific MAC processing instructionsfor writing and processing the data contained in the MPDU. Transmittingand/or receiving multiple PDUs 202 in a single burst may enhance theefficiency of wireless communications by permitting multiple data framesto be sent and received in a single channel access operation and therebyallow for a common acknowledgement. Although burst 200 includes acertain number of PDUs 202, a burst may contain any number of MPDUs. Inone particular embodiment, a PDU 202 may be a variable length from 6bytes to 2048 bytes.

FIG. 3 is a simplified block diagram of an example base station 30 inthe mobile wireless environment of FIG. 1 in accordance with aparticular embodiment. As illustrated, base station 30 includes acontroller 300 and a network interface module 302. As will be describedin the following disclosure, controller 300 may facilitate the efficientprocessing of bursts and thereby reduce the cycle time required fortransmitting and receiving bursts. Accordingly, controller 300 may allowbase station 30 to handle an increased number of communication sessions.It should be noted that the illustrated base station 30 may contain moreor fewer components and that the described components may be combined,rearranged, or modified in any suitable manner.

Network interface module 302 facilitates communication between basestation 30 and other components of mobile wireless environment 10 ofFIG. 1, such as base station controller 40. In particular embodiments,network interface module 302 includes or represents one or more networkinterface cards (NICs) such as, for example, an Ethernet card which mayfacilitate the transfer of data between base station 30 and acommunication network such as network 20 of FIG. 1 (for example, viabase station controller 40). To support multiple simultaneous contentflows, network interface module 302 may include multiple ports throughwhich network interface module 302 can receive/transmit multiple flowssimultaneously.

Controller 300 may manage one or more wireless communication sessionssupported by base station 30. As will be described in greater detail,controller 300 may utilize MAC protocols to process bursts fortransmission and reception. Such protocols may provide addressing andchannel access control which allow base station 30 to support multiplecommunication sessions. Because MAC protocols and processing are wellknown in the art of telecommunications they will not be discussed indetail.

Controller 300 may include a MAC 309, one or more MAC processors 310,system memory 312, MAC PHY coprocessor (MPC) 320, and PHY 330. Asillustrated, these components are connected by a bus 314. According toone embodiment, bus 314 represents a multilayer advancedhigh-performance. According to one embodiment, bus 314 represents amultilayer advanced high-performance bus. Among other things, bus 314may serve as a conduit that facilitates the rapid transfer of databetween components of controller 300. Bus 314 may also connectcontroller 300 to network interface module 302. This connection mayfacilitate the communication of data between controller 300 and acommunication network, such as network 20 of FIG. 1. Additionally, incertain embodiments, bus 314 may connect controller 300 to an externalprocessor (not illustrated). The external processor may be substantiallysimilar to a MAC Processor 310 and provide redundancy in case of afailure of a MAC processor 310.

System memory 312 may store processor instructions, MPDU's, and/or anyother appropriate information or software used by controller 300. Inparticular, system memory 312 may store IP packets and other dataassociated with one or more communication sessions supported by basestation 30. System memory 312 may also store descriptors and controlparameters for managing MAC processing. As will be described in greaterdetail, the descriptors may indicate the MAC processing needed toprocess data for purposes of transmission and reception.

System memory 312 may generally include any collection and arrangementof volatile or non-volatile, local or remote devices suitable forstoring data. Specific examples of system memory 312 include, but arenot limited to, random access memory (RAM) devices, dynamic randomaccess memory (DRAM), read only memory (ROM) devices, magnetic storagedevices, optical storage devices, flash memory, or any other suitabledata storage devices. In certain embodiments, system memory 312 may be ahigh performance data storage device such as double data ratesynchronous dynamic random access memory (DDR SDRAM) or DDR2 SDRAM.

MAC 309 is a sublayer of the data link layer that may provide addressingand channel access control mechanisms to components in FIG. 1. MAC 309may represent an interface between MPC 320 and PHY 330. MAC processors310 may control MAC processing for base station 30. In particular, MACprocessors 310 may provide MAC protocol and control parameters needed toprepare and process bursts for transmission and reception. MACprocessors 310 may represent or include any form of processingcomponent, including dedicated microprocessors, general purposecomputers, or other processing devices capable of processing electronicinformation. Examples of MAC processors 310 include microprocessors,digital signal processors (DSPs), application-specific integratedcircuits (ASICs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and any othersuitable specific or general purpose processors. In particularembodiments processors 310 may represent customized ARM9 processors.

MAC PHY coprocessor (MPC) 320 represents a data processing unit. Asillustrated, MPC 320 includes a transmission module (“TX module”) 322,control bypass 324, and a reception module (“RX module”) 326. Controlbypass 324 represents a processing connection whereby MAC processors 310may send transmission and reception control parameters directly to PHY330. TX module 322 represents a processing interface that may processand write bursts for transmission. Conversely, RX module 326 is aprocessing interface that may process received bursts. In this manner,MPC 320 may facilitate the simultaneous processing of data fortransmission and reception. The operation and components of TX module322 and RX module 326 will be described in greater detail below.

In one particular embodiment, MPC 320 may generally manage the transferand processing of data between system memory 312 and PHY 330. Suchprocessing may include running a header check sequence (HCS), cyclicredundancy check (CRC), aligning an MPDU in system memory 312 or in PHY330, and performing any relevant encryption and/or decryption, such asAdvanced Encryption Standard (AES) in cipher block chaining mode(AES-CBC) or counter with CBC-MAC mode (AES-CCM). Transferring data forpurposes of transmission may include writing data from system memory 312into a MPDU which may be transmitted by PHY 330 in a burst. By contrast,transferring data for purposes of reception may include processing MPDUsin a received burst from PHY 330 and writing the MPDUs into systemmemory 312 in any suitable form. As will be described in greater detailbelow, the processing parameters used by MPC 320 may be provided by oneor more MAC processors 310. MPC 320 may be operable to identify andstore where a first MPDU ends and where a second MPDU begins. As will bedescribed with respect to FIGS. 12A and 12B, MPC 320 may controlalignment issues that arise when transferring MPDUs from system memory312 to PHY 330 and vice versa.

In one particular embodiment, MPC 320 may also generally manage thetransfer and processing of data between system memory 312 and networkinterface module 302 connected to a communication network such asnetwork 20 of FIG. 1 (for example, via base station controller 40).Thus, MPC 320 may generally manage the transfer and processing of datato and from both network interface module 302 and PHY 330.

PHY 330 represents an interface to a transmission medium. Among otherthings, PHY 330 may manage the transmission and reception of dataassociated with a communication session based on control parametersprescribed by MAC Processors 310. PHY 330 may include or be operativelyconnected to a wireless transceiver and antenna or other transmissionand reception device associated with base station 330. PHY may be wordaligned, which may cause alignment problems for transferring MPDUs fromRX PHY queues 338 to system memory 312 and for transferring MPDUs fromsystem memory 312 to TX PHY queues 336 because MPDUs are byte aligned. Aword may include four bytes, such that one word may contain bytes fromtwo different MPDUs. Alignment is discussed in more detail in FIGS. 13Aand 13B.

As illustrated in FIG. 3, PHY 330 includes a plurality of PHY queues, TXPHY queues 336 and RX PHY queues 338, respectively. In one embodiment,TX and RX PHY queues may be first in-first out queues (“FIFOs”). TX PHYqueues 336 and RX PHY queues 338 represent data queues that may storeone or more bursts, or portions thereof, associated with one or morecommunication sessions supported by base station 30.

PHY 330 may have multiple TX PHY queues 336 and RX PHY queues 338.According to a particular example embodiment, PHY 330 may include ten TXPHY queues 336 and ten RX PHY queues 338. Separating data into multiplequeues for transmission and reception may enhance efficiency by allowingcontroller 300 to receive and/or transmit multiple burstssimultaneously. Such functionality may allow base station 30 to bettersupport multiple communication sessions.

In operation, PHY 330 may generally control signaling and otherprocesses related to transmitting and receiving bursts. Among otherthings, PHY 330 may receive control parameters from a MAC processor 310and use the control parameters to manage the transmission and receptionof bursts. Such control parameters may include an appropriate modulationscheme and/or when to transmit and/or receive data. As mentioned, tofacilitate control processing, the control parameters may be passed toPHY 330 via MPC control bypass 324.

As described, one function of controller 300 is to process bursts fortransmission and reception. To reduce both the number of cycles and thecycle time to process bursts, controller 300 may separate control anddata processing functions. More particularly, some of the MAC processingfunctionality normally associated with the data link layer for networkcommunications may be offloaded from MAC processors 310 to MPC 320.Separating MAC control from processing data may increase the efficiencyof controller 300 by limiting the need to continuously write and copydata between the processing components to system memory 312.Additionally, providing a control bypass 324 may allow MAC processors310 to write control words directly to PHY 330. Thus, among otherthings, controller 300 may distribute processing and control functionsin a manner that increases burst processing efficiency.

To further describe the functionality provided by controller 300, theoperations of transmitting and receiving a burst will be describedseparately. While this disclosure may distinguish between transmissionand reception, it should be noted that controller 300 may perform suchfunctions simultaneously and for multiple communication sessions.

FIG. 4 is a simplified block diagram of an example TX module 322 of thebase station 30 of FIG. 3 in accordance with a particular embodiment. Asdiscussed, TX module 322 may process and write MPDUs for transmission asa burst. In the illustrated embodiment, TX module 322 includes aregister 400, a transmission streamlined engine (TSE) 410, and a keytable 420. It should be noted that in certain embodiments key table 420may represent a component of MPC control bypass 324 illustrated in FIG.3.

Register 400 may serve as a memory cache for transmission module 322. Asillustrated, TX module 322 includes a transmission direct memory access(DMA) 404, descriptor FIFO 406, and a plurality of MPDU TX FIFOs 408. TXDMA 404 may facilitate the transfer of data from system memory 312 to TXmodule 322. Transmission descriptor FIFO 406 represents a data queuethat may store transmission descriptors generated by a MAC processor310. As will be described with respect to FIG. 6, a transmissiondescriptor may include information for processing and writing datastored in system memory 312 into a MPDU. While a transmission descriptorFIFO 406 may be of varying size, in a particular embodiment,transmission descriptor FIFO 402 contains 16 entries. MPDU TX FIFOs 408represent data queues that may store MPDUs and other data pulled fromsystem memory 312 by TX DMA 404.

TSE 410 represents the processing unit of TX module 322. In general, TSE404 may perform all of the described processing functionality forwriting a MPDU such as, for example, a HCS, AES-CCM mode encryption,AES-CBC mode encryption, and a CRC. For AES-CCM and AES-CBC operations,TSE 410 may have access to key table 420 which may store encryption keysfor encrypting MPDUs. In one embodiment, key table 420 may be accessedby TX module 322 and RX module 326.

FIG. 5 is a simplified block diagram illustrating certain componentsfrom FIG. 3 and an example operation of a controller 300 during a bursttransmission process in accordance with a particular embodiment. BecauseFIG. 5 is intended to illustrate the interactions of components of acontroller 300 involved in processing a burst for transmission, itshould be noted that certain components relating to reception processingmay not be illustrated. Additionally, in certain embodiments, theillustrated components may be combined, rearranged, or modified in anysuitable form, manner, or arrangement.

For purposes of understanding the transmission operation of controller300, assume that a burst is to be generated based on data contained inone or more Ethernet packets. The Ethernet packets may be received bycontroller 300 through, for an example, an Ethernet connection, andstored in system memory 312. At the outset, MAC processor 310 may parsethe header(s) of one or more Ethernet packets that are to form a MPDU.Based on the header(s) MAC processor 310 may write a transmissiondescriptor. Upon writing the transmission descriptor, MAC processor 310may send the transmission descriptor to transmission descriptor FIFO 406of TX module 322.

Once a transmission descriptor is written, or if there are anytransmission descriptors in transmission descriptor FIFO 406, TSE 410may initiate the process of writing a MPDU. This process may begin withTSE 410 signaling TX DMA 404 to pull data comprising the MPDU fromsystem memory 312 and storing it in a TX MPDU FIFO 408. Provided thatthe assigned TX PHY queue 336 is not full, TSE 410 may start processingthe MPDU data from the TX MPDU FIFO 408 based on the transmissiondescriptor. Such processing may include running a HCS, AES-CCM mode,AES-CBC mode, and/or CRC engine. If either of the MPDU TX FIFOs 408 isempty, TSE 410 may initiate TX DMA 404 to retrieve data comprising thenext MPDU from system memory 312 while the current MPDU is beingprocessed.

Once processed, the MPDU may be written to an assigned TX PHY queue 336.The assignment of TX PHY queues 336 may be based on the burst with whicha MPDU is associated. According to one embodiment, all MPDUs associatedwith a particular burst may be assigned to the same TX PHY queue. Aswill be described below, the assignment may be performed by a MACprocessor 310 and may the assignment be designated in the transmissiondescriptor associated with the MPDU. In an embodiment, TX module 322 maythus determine the appropriate TX PHY queue 336 to write a MPDU byreading the transmission descriptor associated with the MPDU todetermine the MPDU's associated burst. After writing a MPDU to aparticular TX PHY queue 336, TX module 322 may create a pointer to theMPDU. The pointer may be used when writing subsequent MPDUs associatedwith the same burst to the designated TX PHY queue 336. Specifically,the pointer may indicate the end of a MPDU that was previously writtento the designated TX PHY queue 336 so that TX module 322 may write andconcatenate subsequent MPDUs associated with the same burst. Thepointers may facilitate simultaneous processing of multiple bursts byallowing TX module 322 to prepare and write a MPDU for a first burst andthen prepare and write a MPDU for a second burst before returning topreparing and writing subsequent MPDUs for the first burst.

TX module 322 may continue the described writing process until all ofthe MPDUs for a burst are written to the designated TX PHY queue 336.Once a designated number of the MPDUs forming a burst are written, MACprocessors 310 may generate control parameters for transmitting theburst. As discussed, the control parameters may indicate an appropriatemodulation scheme, and/or timing parameters for transmitting the burst.Once prepared, the control parameters may be sent to PHY 330 via controlbypass 324. PHY 330 may use the control parameters to manage thetransmission of the burst.

In a particular embodiment, MAC processors may assign and/or scheduleMPDUs to TX PHY queues so that MPDUs for multiple bursts may beprocessed simultaneously. In particular, MAC processors 310 may schedulethe MPDUs in random order for different TX FIFOs. For example, if aparticular TX PHY queue 336 a has ten MPDUs in the burst that it isprocessing and a particular TX PHY queue 336 b has three MPDUs in theburst that it is processing, then the MAC processors 310 may schedulefive transmission descriptors for TX PHY queue 336 a, then schedulethree transmission descriptors for TX PHY queue 336 b, and then returnto scheduling transmission descriptors for the TX PHY queue 336 a. WhenMPC 320 returns to processing MPDUs for TX PHY queue 336 a, it maydetermine whether to concatenate the subsequent MPDU to the last MPDUthat was written to the TX PHY queue 336 a by determining whether theMPDU is part of the same burst. Thus, MPC 320 need not process all theMPDUs for a given burst in order. Such functionality may provideflexibility for scheduling concurrent bursts.

FIG. 6 is a simplified block diagram of an example transmission (TX)MPDU descriptor 600 in accordance with a particular embodiment. In theillustrated embodiment, TX MPDU descriptor 600 has various descriptorfields 602 that specify information for processing and writing a MPDU.Descriptor field 602 a specifies the MPDU length in bytes and may alsoinclude a MPDU header as well as any CRC and extended subheaders.Descriptor field 602 c specifies the TX FIFO number to which the burstis to be written. Descriptor field 602 e specifies whether the MPDU isthe last MPDU in the burst. Descriptor field 602 f may indicate whetherthe MPDU header is a signaling header or a generic MAC header.Descriptor field 602 g may indicate whether the MPDU is to have anextended subheader. Descriptor field 602 h indicates whether a CRC is tobe performed. Descriptor field 602 i specifies whether HCS is enabled.Descriptor field 602 k specifies an AES mode for the MPDU. The AES modemay indicate what type of encryption/decryption is necessary forprocessing the MPDU for transmission as a burst. Such encryption and/ordecryption modes may include, for example, AES-CCM encryption, Dot16KDF,a CMAC uplink, a CMAC downlink, plain AES encryption, plain AESdecryption, AES-CBC encryption, AES-CBC decryption or no encryption.Descriptor field 602 m specifies a key index number which indicates thekey to be used from key table. Descriptor field 602 n provides the TXDMA start address which may be a byte address that provides the locationof the MPDU data in system memory 312. Descriptor field 602 o specifiesa psuedo-random number (PN) which may be used for AES-CCM encryption. Asillustrated descriptor fields 602 b, 602 d, 602 j, and 602 l representreserved byte sequences. While specific fields 602 for a descriptor 600have been provided, descriptor 600 may have any number of fields 602.Additionally, fields 602 may be rearranged and interleaved to reservebits for additional fields 602.

As mentioned, MAC processors may prepare a descriptor 600 byreading/parsing the header(s) of one or more packets. By reading theheader(s), MAC processors may prepare the descriptor 600 without havingto decrypt and/or encrypt the payload of a packet. Additionally, throughparsing the headers, MAC processors 310 may determine the relevantidentifiers and pointers which may be used by TX DMA 404 in preparingthe MPDU. In particular, descriptor fields 602 a and 602 n may generallybe used by TX DMA 404 to pull the relevant data that is to be includedin the MPDU payload. Because descriptor field 602 n indicates a pointerfor the start of the MPDU, and descriptor field 602 a indicates thelength of the MPDU, TX DMA may generally begin pulling MPDU data fromsystem memory 312 beginning at the start address and continuing untilall the MPDU byte length is reached.

In certain situations, descriptor field 602 n may point TX DMA to a TXDMA descriptor stored in memory 312. As previously discussed, a MPDU maycomprise multiple IP packets, each of which may occupy non-contiguouslocations in system memory 312. Accordingly, TX DMA 404 may have toperform multiple individual searches and make multiple requests to pullthe relevant data from system memory 312. To make this process moreefficient, the various packets may be chained together in system memory312 using TX DMA descriptors. As will be described, the TX DMAdescriptors may, among other things, specify both the order and locationof specific data units forming a MPDU.

FIG. 7 is a simplified block diagram of an example transmission DMAdescriptor 700 in accordance with a particular embodiment. The TX DMAdescriptors 700 include a plurality of chaining fields 702 that provideinformation relating to the current data unit that is to be pulled fromsystem memory 312 in addition to the well as the location of thesubsequent data unit in the MPDU. As illustrated, chaining field 702 aspecifies the location of the preceding data unit or IP packet in theMPDU. Accordingly, chaining field 702 a may be used to properly orderthe data units in the MPDU. Chaining field 702 b represents a reservedfield and may contain overflow data that does not fit within one or moreof the other chaining fields 702. Chaining field 702 c indicates thelength of the current data unit. Chaining field 702 d specifies a bufferstart address for a buffer that may be used to ensure byte alignment ofthe data units that are being chained. Chaining field 702 e indicatesthe address of the next TX DMA descriptor 700.

According to one mode of operation, TX DMA 404 may use chaining fields702 of TX DMA descriptors 700 to concatenate, or chain, non-contiguousdata units. For instance, assume that descriptor field 602 n of a giventransmission descriptor 600 includes a pointer to a TX DMA descriptor700 stored in system memory 312. TX DMA 404 may go to the location insystem memory 312 indicated by the pointer, read the TX DMA descriptor700, and pull the entire data unit using chaining field 602 c whichprovides the length of the data unit. Once TX DMA 404 has pulled thedata associated with a given TX DMA descriptor 700, chaining field 702 emay point TX DMA 404 to the location in system memory 312 where the nextdata unit in the MPDU is stored. TX DMA 404 may then repeat thedescribed process until all the data associated with a MPDU istransferred from system memory 312 to the appropriate MPDU TX FIFO 408.Thus, chaining TX DMA descriptors may allow TX module 322 to seamlesslyprepare and process MPDUs having non-contiguous data units.

A similar chaining process may also be employed for purposes ofgenerating a CMAC downlink message. A CMAC downlink message may be amanagement message that contains a message authentication code key usedto validate the authenticity of the MAC management message. In certainsituations, the MAC management message may be spread across multipleMPDUs. In such instances, MPC 220 may chain multiple MPDUs and calculatethe CMAC on a MPDU by MPDU basis. In this scenario, length informationfor the first MPDU may be provided by chaining field 702 c of a TX DMAdescriptor 700. TX DMA 404 may then bring in the first MPDU to the TXFIFO 408 and TSE 410 may calculate the CMAC. If the last bit chainingfield 702 a is not set, then TSE 410 may continue with processing thenext MPDU. If the last chaining field 702 a is set, then TSE 410 willknow that the current MPDU is the last MPDU in the MAC managementmessage. At this point, TSE 410 may calculate the CMAC on the entire MACmanagement message across the plurality of MPDUs. In this manner,multiple MPDUs may be chained for MAC management messages.

To further illustrate the transmission capabilities of particularembodiments, the following example is provided wherein a controller 300is sending a burst comprising ten MPDUs of arbitrary length. Forpurposes of this example, it is assumed that all of the data for theMPDUs is stored in system memory 312. At the outset, a MAC processor 310may write one or more TX DMA descriptors 700 for the first MPDU. Afterchaining any and all scattered packets for the first MPDU, MAC processor310 may check to see if transmission descriptor FIFO 406 is empty or ifthere is any space available. At this point, MAC processor 310 may writethe descriptor 600, including the processing parameters, for the firstMPDU into descriptor FIFO 406. This described process may be repeated byMAC processor 310 for the remaining nine MPDUs.

While the descriptors 600 for the remaining nine MPDUs are generated,TSE 410 may read the first descriptor 600 and initiate TX DMA 404 tobring the entire first MPDU from system memory 312 to the first MPDUFIFO 408 a. At this point, TSE 410 may check to see if the TX FIFO 336to which the MPDU is to be written is full. If there is available spacein the designated TX FIFO 336, then TSE 410 may begin processing theMPDU data according to the descriptor 600. While the first MPDU iswritten to the TX FIFO 336, TSE 410 may simultaneously read the nextdescriptor 600 from descriptor FIFO 406 and initiate TX DMA 404 to pullthe next MPDU from system memory 312 and write the next MPDU to thesecond MPDU FIFO 408 b. Once processing for the first MPDU is complete,TSE 410 may switch to MPDU FIFO 408 b and begin processing the secondMPDU. Once a designated number of MPDUs have been processed and writtento the specified TX FIFO 336, a MAC processor 310 may write the controlparameters for the burst to PHY 330 via control bypass 324. It should benoted that TSE 410 may concatenate MPDUs in the designated TX FIFO 336until it encounters a MPDU descriptor with the last MPDU bit set (i.e.,descriptor field 602 e indicates that the MPDU is the last MPDU in theburst). At this point, TSE 410 may pad zeros to the remaining bytes andwrite this buffer to the TX FIFO 336. Once complete, PHY 330 maytransmit the burst in accordance with the control parameters provided bythe MAC processor 310.

FIG. 8 is a simplified block diagram of an example reception module ofthe base station of FIG. 3 in accordance with a particular embodiment.An embodiment of a RX module 326 of MPC 320 is illustrated. Asdiscussed, RX module 326 may process received bursts and its associatedMPDUs from corresponding PHY RX PHY queues and write the processed MPDUsto system memory 312. In the illustrated embodiment, RX module 326 mayinclude a reception streamlined engine (RSE) 800, HCS 801, an AES-CCM802, a CRC 803, a sequence number register 804, an MPDU RX FIFO I 805,an MPDU RX FIFO II 806, a RX descriptor FIFO 807, an RX DMA 808, and aninternal register 810, and an AES-CBC 811.

RSE 800 represents the processing unit of RX module 326. In general, RSE800 may perform all of the processing functionality on a received MPDUsuch as, for example, HCS 801, AES-CCM 802, AES-CBC 811, and CRC 803.RSE 800 may also monitor the empty signals associated with RX PHY queues338 to determine if any of the RX PHY queues include an MPDU to beprocessed. In one particular embodiment, RSE 800 may scan the RX PHYqueues 338. A round robin algorithm may be used to scan the RX PHYqueues 338 so that multiple bursts can be extracted simultaneously. Forexample, RSE 800 may begin to extract the header bytes from a first RXPHY queue 338. RSE 800 may process MPDU header through HCS 801 to obtaina result that indicates if MPDU header has been altered duringtransmission or storage of the data. If the HCS check fails, MACprocessors 310 can generate an RX descriptor instructing RSE 800 todiscard the current burst. RSE 800 may implement this instruction bycontinuing to discard bytes in the identified RX PHY queue 338 until anew sequence number is reached. If the HCS check passes, then RSE 800may process the MPDU according to an RX descriptor provided by the MACprocessor 310.

Sequence number register 804 may serve as a memory cache to store thesequence number of a burst for an associated MPDU. In one embodiment, asequence number register 804 may be included for each associated RX PHYqueue 338. For example, if controller 300 includes ten RX PHY queues 338to receive ten concurrent bursts, then RX module 326 may include tensequence number registers 804 that each store the sequence number of theburst of the current MPDU being processed. Each burst may need to beidentified to be processed properly. For example, each burst may comefrom a different user device 50 so the sequence number is important forMAC processing. MAC processors 310 may control the schedule and allocatea time slot for each user device 50 for time division multiplexing, suchas a CDMA application. A user who pays for better service may receivemore time slots to receive data from their associated user device 50.

In one embodiment, RX module 326 may include a pair of MPDU RX FIFOs805, 806. A FIFO may have four bytes per entry, so a pair of FIFOs maybe required to store an MPDU header comprising six bytes.

RX module 326 may be fast enough to scan all ten RX PHY queues 338before MAC processors 310 can write a RX descriptor for the headerobtained from the first scanned RX PHY queue 338. MAC processors 310 maybe operable to parse all the headers from sequence number generator 804and register 810. According to one embodiment, there is a sequencenumber generator 804 and register 810 for each RX PHY Queue 338. MACprocessors 310 may transmit the RX descriptor to RX Descriptor FIFO 807.

RX Descriptor FIFO 807 represents a data queue that may store RXdescriptors generated by MAC processors 310. As described below in FIG.9, RX descriptor may include information for processing and writing datastored in a particular RX PHY queue 338 into system memory 312. While RXdescriptor FIFO 807 may be a queue of varying size, in a particularembodiment, RX descriptor FIFO 807 may contain ten entries, such thateach descriptor entry is three words. RX descriptor FIFO 807 may onlystore ten entries because a RX descriptor may not be written until theMPDU header is made available to the MAC processors 310. As a result,there may only be ten RX descriptors available for an associated RX PHYqueue 338 at any point in time because on RX descriptor may be availablefor the current MPDU and another RX descriptor may be available for theMPDU to be processed next.

RSE 800 may receive RX descriptor from RX Descriptor FIFO 807 forinstructions to process an MPDU from a particular RX PHY queue 338.According to instructions in RX descriptor, RSE 800 may process aparticular MPDU from a particular RX PHY queue 338. According to theinstructions in RX descriptor, RSE 800 may process the MPDU usingAES-CCM 802 or AES-CBC 811, which are modes of operation forcryptographic block ciphers defined for use with AES. AES-CCM 802 andAES-CBC 811 are authenticated encryption algorithms designed to provideauthentication and privacy. For AES-CCM and AES-CBC operations, RSE 800may have access to key table 420 which may store decryption keys fordecrypting MPDUs. The modes of encryption/decryption that utilize keytable 420 are described in more detail below in FIG. 11. According tothe instructions in RX descriptor, RSE 800 may process MPDU through CRC803, which is a checksum of the MPDU to detect alteration of data duringtransmission or storage of data.

RSE 800 may initiate RX DMA 808 to transfer the processed MPDU to systemmemory 312. RX DMA 808 allows RX module 326 to write processed MPDUs tosystem memory 312 independently of the processing unit. By utilizing RXDMA channel, RX module 326 can write data to system memory 312 with lessprocessing.

While RX DMA 808 is transferring the processed MPDU to system memory312, RSE 800 may read the next RX descriptor to be processed. Once allRX descriptors are processed, RX module may begin scanning the RX PHYqueues 338 to extract the next available MPDU headers or sequencenumbers from each RX PHY queue 338. RX module 326 may include one ormore registers 810 that serve as a memory cache to store data for anyother suitable purposes.

In an example operation of base station 30 receiving and processing oneor more concurrent bursts comprising MPDUs, MAC processors 310 mayprogram PHY 330 for receiving bursts using MPC control bypass 324. Forexample, if base station 30 is scheduled to receive two bursts, then MACprocessors 310 may instruct PHY 330 to receive a first burst with afirst set length at a first set time and a second burst with a secondset length at a second set time. MAC processors 310 may determine asequence number for each received burst and instruct PHY 330 to write anassociated sequence number in RX PHY queue 338 for each new burst thatPHY 330 begins to receive. Each burst in a particular RX PHY queue 338may be delineated by a new sequence number associated with the nextburst in the RX PHY queue 338.

RX module 326 monitors empty signals from the RX PHY queues 338. RXmodule 326 may utilize a round robin algorithm to extract the data fromeach RX PHY queue 338 that is not empty.

RX module 326 may extract the sequence number of a new burst from aparticular RX PHY queue 338 and store this sequence number in acorresponding sequence number register 804. Sequence number registers804 may be included in RX module 326 for each corresponding RX PHY queue338, such that the number of sequence number registers 804 is equal tothe number of RX PHY queue 338. The stored sequence number may remainthe same until RX module 326 begins to extract a new burst.

RX module 326 may extract the header from the first MPDU stored in eachRX PHY queue 338. In one particular embodiment, the MPDU header may besix bytes, such that RX module 326 extracts the first six bytes from thefirst MPDU stored in each of the RX PHY queues 338. RX module 326 maystore the first four bytes of the MPDU header in register 810 and storethe last two bytes of the MPDU header in a portion of sequence numberregister 804. RX module 326 may store the result of the HCS 801 as a bitin sequence number register 804. RX module 326 may also store thesequence number of the MPDU in sequence number register 804.

RX module 326 may submit the contents of register 810 and sequencenumber register 804 to MAC processors 310, such that the contentsinclude the MPDU header, the result of the HCS, and the sequence numberof the burst associated with the MPDU. If the HCS check failed, then MACprocessors 310 may send a RX descriptor with instructions for the RXmodule 326 to discard the burst associated with the MPDU. If the HCScheck passed, then MAC processors 310 may provide instructions in a RXdescriptor for RX module 326 to extract the payload of the MPDU from aparticular RX PHY queue 338. RX descriptor may provide furtherinstructions for processing the MPDU payload.

MAC processors 310 may be able to write multiple descriptors at the sametime. For example, if base station 30 includes ten RX PHY queues 338that receive ten concurrent bursts, then RX module 326 maysimultaneously transmit the MPDU header info, HCS result, and sequencenumbers for ten different MPDUs originating from the ten RX PHY queues338 to MAC processors 310. After receiving this data, MAC processors 310may be able to simultaneously generate ten RX descriptors based on thisdata and simultaneously write the ten RX descriptors to RX module 326.

RX descriptors may be written to RX descriptor FIFO 807. RSE 800 mayread an RX descriptor from RX descriptor FIFO 807. RX descriptorprovides RSE 800 with the necessary information for extracting andprocessing the MPDU. For example, this information may include thelength of MPDU payload, the particular RX PHY queue 338 to extract theMPDU, the method of encryption/decryption, and any other suitableinformation. In one particular embodiment, the MPDU header sent to MACprocessors 310 may indicate that the MPDU header is followed bysubheaders. In this scenario, the RX descriptor generated by MACprocessors 310 may instruct RX module 326 not to decrypt/encrypt theadditional bytes of the subheaders, such that only the MPDU payload isencrypted/decrypted. As a result of the PHY 330 being word aligned,alignment issues may occur when an MPDU is extracted from a RX PHY queue338 that ends on the same word line that also includes data associatedwith the next MPDU in the RX PHY queue 338. Alignment issues aredescribed in more detail below in FIGS. 13 a and 13 b.

After an MPDU payload is processed, RX module 326 may append the MPDUheader to the processed MPDU payload. RX module 326 may utilize the RXDMA 808 to store this data in a contiguous location in system memory312. While RX DMA 808 is sending the processed MPDU to system memory312, RSE 800 may read the next RX descriptor from RX descriptor FIFO807, and RSE 800 may begin to process the next identified MPDU. Thisprocess may continue until RX descriptor FIFO 807 is empty. When RXdescriptor FIFO 807 is empty, RX module 326 may begin to scan the RX PHYqueues 338 again to extract data from the RX PHY queues 338 that are notempty.

The architecture of controller 300 allows RX module 326 to forward theheaders and other data to the MAC processors 310 for parsing the headerand providing a RX descriptor to RX module 326. As a result, RX module326 can focus on processing MPDUs, which allows base station 30 toprocess received MPDUs much faster. Such functionality may provideflexibility for scheduling concurrent bursts.

A further advantage of the architecture of controller 300 of basestation 30 allows the MPC 320 to remain unchanged even if the currentstandards change. RX module 326 can still be used without modificationeven if the standards change because MAC processors 310 rather than MPC320 are providing the instructions of how to process the bursts andtheir associated MPDUs. If the standards change the functionality of aburst, then the operators of base station may only need to provide newsoftware for MAC processors 310 rather than replacing the MPC 320. Thus,operators of base station 30 may save money by utilizing thearchitecture of controller 300.

FIG. 9 is a simplified block diagram of an example reception descriptor900 in accordance with a particular embodiment. In the illustratedembodiment, RX descriptor 900 comprises three words (words zero, oneand, two) and has various descriptor fields 902 that specify informationfor processing an MPDU. Word zero of RX descriptor 900 may be thirty-twobits including descriptor fields 902 a-902 g. Descriptor field 902 aspecifies the MPDU length in bytes and the length may also include theMPDU header as well as any CRC and extended subheaders. Descriptor field902 b may be reserved for future functionality. Descriptor field 902 cspecifies the address of the RX PHY queue 338 (for example, a FIFOqueue) from which the burst and its associated MPDU is to be extracted.Descriptor field 902 d may be reserved for future functionality.Descriptor field 902 e specifies whether the MPDU is the last MPDU inthe burst. Descriptor field 902 f may indicate whether the MPDU headeris a signaling header or a generic MAC header. Descriptor field 902 gmay indicate whether the MPDU is to have an extended subheader. In thisscenario, RSE 800 may not decrypt/encrypt the additional bytes of theextended header, such that only the MPDU payload is encrypted/decrypted.

Word one of RX descriptor may be thirty-two bits including descriptorfields 902 h-902 o. Descriptor field 902 h specifies a key index numberwhich indicates the key to be used from key table 420. Descriptor field902 i may be reserved for future functionality. Descriptor field 902 jspecifies whether AES-CCM or AES-CBC decryption should be used forprocessing the MPDU. Descriptor field 902 j for AES is less bits in RXdescriptor than transmission descriptor because only the TX module 322utilizes the special encryption modes as specified in transmissiondescriptor field 602 k and described in FIG. 11. Descriptor field 902 kmay be reserved for future functionality. Descriptor field 902 mindicates if RSE 800 should skip to next burst if HCS check failed.Descriptor field 902 o indicates whether a CRC is to be performed.Descriptor field 902 n specifies whether HCS is enabled.

Word two of RX descriptor may include descriptor field 902 p whichprovides the RX DMA start address. RX DMA start address may be a wordaligned address that provides the location in system memory 312 to writethe processed MPDU. While specific fields 902 for RX descriptor 900 havebeen provided, RX descriptor 900 may have any number of fields 902.Additionally, fields 902 may be rearranged and interleaved to reservebits for additional fields 902.

FIG. 10 is a simplified block diagram of an example processed MPDU inaccordance with a particular embodiment. In the illustrated embodiment,processed MPDU 1000 may be stored in system memory 312 with the variousfields 1002 that specify information associated with the processed MPDU1002. Word zero of processed MPDU 1000 may be thirty-two bits includingfields 1002 a-1002 e. Word zero of processed MPDU 1000 may be stored atthe RX DMA address 902 p as described in FIG. 9. Field 1002 a specifiesthe MPDU length in bytes. The length of MPDU may include the MPDU headeras well as any CRC and extended subheaders. Field 1002 b may be reservedfor future functionality. Field 1002 c specifies the sequence number ofthe burst associated with the processed MPDU 1000. Field 1002 dindicates the MIC status. Field 1002 e indicates the CRC status.

Field 1002 f is the processed MPDU which may span across one or morewords. Processed MPDU may include the unencrypted MPDU header with thedecrypted/encrypted MPDU payload. While specific fields 1002 for theprocessed MPDU 1000 have been provided, the processed MPDU 1000 may haveany number of fields 1002. Additionally, fields 1002 may be rearrangedand interleaved to reserve bits for additional fields 1002.

FIG. 11 is a simplified block diagram of an example key table 420 inaccordance with a particular embodiment. MPC 320 may include key table420 that includes the keys stored for AES encryptions/decryptions. As aresult of key table 420 being stored in MPC rather than system memory312, no additional bus traffic is created on controller. In oneparticular embodiment, key table 420 may be located on MPC controlbypass 324. As a result, key table 420 may be shared between TX module322 and RX module 326. In this particular embodiment, key table 420 maybe implemented with 1W-2R memory. In one particular embodiment, MACprocessors 310 may write to key table 420 even when MPC 320 is in powersaving mode.

MPC 320 may have a limited memory size so operator of base station 30may need to configure a fixed number of keys corresponding to a fixednumber of users supported by base station 30. In one particularembodiment, key table 420 may store keys for two hundred users. In oneparticular embodiment, each key may be sixteen bytes in Big EndianOrder. In one particular embodiment, key table may be 20,480 bytes. Ifbase station 30 supports keys for two hundred users and each key issixteen bytes, then the keys for two hundred users may require 19,200bytes. This leaves 1,280 bytes in key table 420 for CMAC keys andauthentication keys.

In one particular embodiment, MPC 320 may support fiveencryption/decryption algorithm modes requiring the AES engine and a keyfrom the key table 420. The five algorithm modes may include CMACdownlink, CMAC uplink, DOT16KDF, plain AES encryption/decryption, andAES-CBC encryption/decryption. TX module 322 may include one or moreregisters that store the AES results of the encryption/decryptionalgorithms in Big Endian Order. MPC 320 may provide the AES results toMAC processors 310.

CMAC downlink is an algorithm mode that may be used by MPC 320 forencryption and decryption of the MPDUs by utilizing the AES as describedwith respect to FIG. 6. CMAC uplink is another algorithm mode used byMPC 320 for encryption and decryption MPDUs by utilizing the AES engineas described below in FIG. 12.

DOT16KDF is another algorithm mode that may be used by MPC 320 togenerate keys utilizing the AES engine. The underlying algorithm inDot16KDF is CMAC. For example, MAC processors 310 may write atransmission descriptor that sets the AES mode to DOT16KDF, provides thekey index where an authentication key is stored, and sets the MPDUlength to 384, which indicates the length of the Dot16KDF key output. Inone embodiment, authentication key may be truncated from 160 bits to 128bits. The result of DOT16KDF algorithm may be provided to MAC processors310 through AES registers. MAC processors 310 may read the results fromthe AES registers when TX module 322 has completed the calculation.

In an alternative embodiment, MAC processors 310 may be used tocalculate the Dot16KDF key output instead of TX module 322. MACprocessors 310 may write different CMAC descriptors, such that multipleCMACs run in a loop and the final result is a Dot16KDF key. For example,MAC processors 310 may write ten CMAC descriptors, instruct MPC 320 torun CMAC with the ten different CMAC descriptors, and after the finaliteration of the last CMAC descriptor, MAC processors 310 may receivethe Dot16KDF result.

Plain AES is another algorithm mode that may be used by MPC 320 forencryption and decryption utilizing the AES engine. MAC processors 310may use Plain AES mode to encrypt the transmission encryption key usingthe key encryption key. There may be many AES functions, such as AESkeywrap, that may utilize plain AES mode to process data. MPC 320 maystore the results in AES registers. For example, MAC processors 310 maywrite a transmission descriptor with the AES mode set to Plain AES mode,provide the key index in key table 420, and set the MPDU length anywherebetween one to 384 bytes. In one particular embodiment, MPC 320 may padthe bytes in case it does not make a 16 byte block size.

FIG. 12 is a flow chart illustrating an example operation of the MPC 320processing a management message in uplink mode. The flowchart may beginat step 1200 when one or more RX PHY queues 338 receive one or moreportions of a CMAC uplink message with one or more bursts. A CMAC uplinkmessage may be a management message that contains a messageauthentication code key used to validate the authenticity of the MACmanagement message. Management message may be spread across one or morereceived bursts and one or more MPDUs. For example, one burst maycontain a portion of management message and another burst may containanother portion of management message. As a result, management messagemay be spread across multiple RX PHY queues 338.

At step 1202, RX module receives MPDU header. MPDU header may indicateif it is a management message or a normal message so that MPC 320 knowswhen to use TX module 322 to handle processing a management message forCMAC uplink mode.

At step 1204, RX module 326 may write a portion of the managementmessage to system memory. At step 1206, MAC processors 310 may generatea TX descriptor based on the MPDU header from CMAC uplink messages. Atstep 1207, TX module 322 may receive the TX descriptor, such that the TXdescriptor indicates that the encryption mode is CMAC uplink mode. TXmodule 322 may also the CMAC management message. At step 1208, TX module322 determines if it has received the entire CMAC management message. IfTX module 322 has received the entire CMAC management message, then TXmodule continues processing at step 1211. If TX module has only receiveda fragment of the entire CMAC management message, then TX modulecontinues processing at step 1209.

At step 1209, after RX module 326 has processed an entire burst from oneof the RX PHY queues 338, MAC processors 310 may know where thefragmented portions of the management message are located. As describedin conjunction with FIG. 7 for processing in CMAC downlink mode, TXmodule 322 may similarly chain multiple fragments of management messageto locate all fragments of management message in CMAC uplink mode. Atstep 1210, TX module 322 may also assemble the fragments of the CMACmanagement message.

At step 1211, TX module 322 may run CMAC on management message to verifythe received CMAC management message. MPC 320 uses TX module 322 toprocess the management message comprising the fragmented portionsreceived from the multiple RX PHY queues 338. While in CMAC uplink mode,MPC 320 utilizes TX module 322 for RX functionality so that TX module322 and RX module 326 may be used concurrently to efficiently processmanagement messages from received bursts. It is not critical forcontroller 300 to process the management message immediately because theentire management message may not be received until several bursts areprocessed.

At step 1212, TX module 322 may compare the calculated CMAC with thereceived CMAC management message and save the results in an AESregister.

At step 1214, during CMAC uplink mode, RX module 326 may continue toprocess received bursts and their associated MPDUs from the RX PHYqueues 338 as usual as described in conjunction with FIG. 8. TX module322 and RX module 326 may be utilized concurrently so that controller300 of base station 30 can process received bursts like normal andsimultaneously perform processing for CMAC uplink mode. Thus,architecture of controller 300 of base station 30 allows MPC 320 toprocess bursts faster.

FIG. 13A is a simplified block diagram illustrating an example operationof the MPC 320 receiving an MPDU from system memory 312 and aligning theMPDU in a transmission PHY queue 336 in accordance with a particularembodiment. As mentioned, PHY 330 may only deal with data bursts andthus may only communicate data in word segments. Many MPDUs are includedin a burst. Because MPDUs are byte aligned, alignment issues arise whena particular MPDU ends on a byte that is not a word aligned boundary.Rather than requiring the MAC processors 310 to handle alignment issues,MPC 320 may handle the alignment issues caused by MPDUs not being wordaligned for storage in TX PHY queues 336. This example operation isexplained below in more detail at FIG. 14A.

FIG. 13B is a simplified block diagram illustrating an example operationof the MPC 320 receiving an MPDU from a RX PHY queue 338 and aligningthe MPDU in system memory 312 in accordance with a particularembodiment. This example operation is explained below in more detail atFIG. 14B.

FIG. 14A is a flow chart illustrating an example operation of the MPC320 receiving an MPDU from system memory 312 and aligning the MPDU in aTX PHY queue 336 in accordance with a particular embodiment. The flowchart may begin at step 1400 when MPC 320 may receive one or more bytealigned MPDUs.

At step 1402, MPC 320 may prepare one or more byte aligned PDUs forstorage in a TX PHY queue that is word aligned. For example, MPC maywrite a first processed MPDU to a particular TX PHY queue 336, such thatthe stored MPDU ends on a byte that is not on a word aligned boundary.Thus as illustrated in FIG. 13A, byte 0 of word 2 in TX PHY queue 336may store the last byte of the first MPDU. Thus, word 2 in TX PHY queue336 has three remaining bytes of free memory. As mentioned, PHY 330 canonly be written to with data in word segments so those three remainingbytes will not be used if the second MPDU is written to the next word ofTX PHY queue 336. Efficient use of memory of a TX PHY queue 336 mayrequire an alignment process to utilize those three remaining bytes forstoring the first three bytes of the second MPDU.

For example, a first TX descriptor may indicate the location in systemmemory 312 and the length of the first MPDU so MPC 320 may know thenumber of bytes of the first MPDU to write to a particular TX PHY queue336. MPC 320 may determine if the first MPDU ends with a byte that isnot word aligned. Because the first MPDU does not end on a word alignedboundary, MPDU may utilize any suitable method to keep track of the oneor more bytes stored in the last word of the TX PHY queue 336 associatedwith the first MPDU. At step 1404, as illustrated in FIG. 13A, MPC 320may write byte 0 of word 2 of the particular TX PHY queue 336 to aregister and MPC 320 may remember that byte 0 of word 2 is associatedwith the first MPDU.

For example, a second TX descriptor indicates the location in systemmemory 312 and the length of a second MPDU associated with the sameburst as the first MPDU. As mentioned, MPC 320 is aware of the alignmentissue of word 2 of the particular TX PHY queue 336. To properly alignthe MPDUs in the TX PHY queue 336, MPC 320 may append the first threebytes from the second MPDU to the remaining byte stored in the registerassociated with the first MPDU so that a word comprising the four bytesis formed.

At step 1404, as illustrated in FIG. 13A, MPC 320 may write this word toword 2 of the particular TX PHY queue 336, such that byte 0 isassociated with the last byte of the first MPDU and bytes 1, 2, and 3are the first three bytes of the second MPDU. Thus, all bytes of TX PHYqueue 336 are utilized even though the MPDUs are not word aligned.

In one embodiment, MPC 320 may utilize pointers or any other suitablemechanism to retrieve the remaining bytes of the second MPDU byretrieving four consecutively stored bytes from system memory 312 thatare associated with the second MPDU, such that the start address of theremainder of the second MPDU is the system memory address of the firstbyte that has not been written to the TX PHY queue 336.

FIG. 14B is a flow chart illustrating an example operation of the MPC320 receiving an MPDU from a RX PHY queue 338 and aligning the MPDU insystem memory 312 in accordance with a particular embodiment. The flowchart may begin at step 1406 when MPC 320 accesses a particular RX PHY338 queue storing a burst, such that the particular word line in aparticular RX PHY 338 queue includes a portion of a first MPDU and aportion of a second MPDU.

At step 1408, MPC 320 may receive the particular word line in the RX PHYqueue 338 that includes the portion of the first MPDU and the portion ofthe second PDU when MPC 320 receives the first MPDU to process. Forexample, when a particular RX descriptor is processed by RSE 800, thefirst MPDU with a length identified by the RX descriptor can beextracted from a particular RX PHY queue 338 identified by the RXdescriptor. As mentioned, the MPDU may be extracted out in word segmentsbecause PHY 330 may have word aligned boundaries. As mentioned, RXdescriptor indicates to RX module 326 where a particular MPDU ends basedon the length of the MPDU. MPDUs are byte aligned so RX module 326 maybe responsible for handling the byte alignment issues when an MPDU endson a non-word aligned boundary. If a particular MPDU currently beingprocessed by RX module 326 ends at a byte that is not word aligned inthe RX PHY queue 338, then RX module 326 may extract the entire wordincluding the remaining bytes associated with the second MPDU stored inthe RX PHY queue 338.

At step 1410, MPC 320 may use any suitable method to separate theportion of the first MPDU from the portion of the second MPDU in thatparticular word line. In one embodiment, MPC 320 may extract the portionof the first MPDU and store it in an internal register 810 and extractthe portion of the second MPDU and store it in another internal register810.

At step 1412, MPC 320 may receive the first MPDU including the portionfrom the particular word line and process the first MPDU with the RXmodule 326. In a particular embodiment, RX module 326 may utilizepointers or any other suitable mechanism to process MPDUs with alignmentissues. In a particular embodiment, RX module 326 may write zeros overthe extracted portion of the word segment that is not associated withthe MPDU currently being processed so that the RX module 326 onlyprocesses bytes associated with the current MPDU.

At step 1414, MPC 320 may receive the second PDU including the portionfrom the particular word line and process the second MPDU with the RXmodule 326. When an alignment issue occurs when MPC 320 is processing afirst MPDU, MPC 320 may use the data stored in the particular internalregister 810 to properly receive and process the second MPDU includingthe portion stored in that particular RX PHY queue 338. For example, RXmodule 326 can properly extract an upcoming MPDU header or sequencenumber even if a portion of the upcoming header or sequence number isstored separately from the RX PHY queue 338 in an internal register 810corresponding to that RX PHY queue 338.

Although the present disclosure has been described in detail withreference to particular embodiments, mobile wireless environment 10 maybe extended to any scenario in which a base station utilizes an MPC. Inaddition, some elements may be provided as separate external componentsto mobile wireless environment 10 where appropriate. The presentdisclosure contemplates great flexibility in the arrangement of theseelements as well as their internal components. Moreover, although FIGS.1-14B illustrate an arrangement of selected elements, numerous othercomponents and algorithms may be used in combination with these elementsor substituted for these elements without departing from the teachingsof the present disclosure.

Numerous other changes, substitutions, variations, alterations, andmodifications may be ascertained to one skilled in the art and it isintended that the present disclosure encompass all such changes,substitutions, variations, alterations, and modifications as fallingwithin the scope of the appended claims.

1. A method for receiving one or more protocol data units from a wordaligned queue, comprising: accessing, by a media access controlphysical-layer coprocessor (MPC) logically residing between aphysical-layer controller and a media access controller (MAC) processor,a reception physical-layer queue storing a burst, the receptionphysical-layer queue comprising a plurality of word lines, the burstcomprising one or more protocol data units (PDUs) that each occupy oneor more word lines of the reception physical-layer queue, a selectedword line storing a portion of a first PDU and a portion of second PDU;and receiving at the MPC from the reception physical-layer queue thefirst PDU comprising the portion of the first PDU stored in the selectedword line.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, atthe MPC, the selected word line comprising the portion of the first PDUand the portion of the second PDU; storing, at a register in the MPC,the selected word line; and extracting the portion of the first PDU fromthe selected word line.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprisingreceiving at the MPC from the reception physical-layer queue the secondPDU comprising the portion of the second PDU stored in the selected wordline.
 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising: receiving, at theMPC, the selected word line comprising the portion of the first PDU andthe portion of the second PDU; storing, at a register in the MPC, theselected word line; and extracting the portion of the second PDU fromthe selected word line.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the receptionPHY queue is a first-in-first-out (FIFO) queue.
 6. The method of claim1, wherein the PDUs are MAC PDUs (MPDUs).
 7. The method of claim 1,further comprising processing, at the MPC, the first PDU based on an RXdescriptor from the MAC processor.
 8. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising using a pointer to store a memory location of where thesecond PDU begins.
 9. An apparatus for receiving one or more protocoldata units from a word aligned queue comprising: a media access control(MAC) physical-layer (PHY) coprocessor (MPC) logically residing betweena physical-layer controller and a media access controller (MAC)processor, the MPC configured to: access a reception physical-layerqueue storing a burst, the reception physical-layer queue comprising aplurality of word lines, the burst comprising one or more protocol dataunits (PDUs) that each occupy one or more word lines of the receptionphysical-layer queue, a selected word line storing a portion of a firstPDU and a portion of second PDU; and receive from the receptionphysical-layer queue the first PDU comprising the portion of the firstPDU stored in the selected word line.
 10. The apparatus of claim 9,wherein the MPC is further configured to: receive the selected word linecomprising the portion of the first PDU and the portion of the secondPDU; store the selected word line in a register; and extract the portionof the first PDU from the selected word line.
 11. The apparatus of claim9, wherein the MPC is further configured to: receive the selected wordline comprising the portion of the first PDU and the portion of thesecond PDU; store the selected word line in a register; and extract theportion of the second PDU from the selected word line.
 12. The apparatusof claim 11, wherein the MPC is further configured to: receive theselected word line comprising the portion of the first PDU and theportion of the second PDU; and extract the portion of the second PDUfrom the selected word line.
 13. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein thereception physical-layer queue is a first-in-first-out (FIFO) queue. 14.The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the PDUs are MAC PDUs (MPDUs).
 15. Theapparatus of claim 9, wherein the MPC is further configured to processthe first PDU based on an RX descriptor from the MAC processor.
 16. Theapparatus of claim 9, wherein the MPC is further configured to use apointer to store a memory location of where the second PDU begins.
 17. Amethod for writing one or more protocol data units to a word alignedqueue comprising: receiving, at a media access control physical-layercoprocessor (MPC) logically residing between a physical-layer controllerand a media access controller (MAC) processor, a first protocol dataunit (PDU) from system memory, the system memory being byte aligned;preparing, by the MPC, the first PDU for storage in a transmissionphysical-layer (PHY) queue, the first PDU being byte aligned, thetransmission PHY queue being word aligned and comprising a plurality ofword lines; and writing, by the MPC, the first PDU to the transmissionPHY queue.
 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising: receiving, atthe MPC from the transmission PHY queue, a selected word line comprisingan end portion of a second PDU, the second PDU being previously storedin the transmission PHY queue; determining, by the MPC, a number ofbytes unwritten to the selected word line; appending, by the MPC, abeginning portion of the first PDU to the end portion of the second PDUto create a new word, wherein the beginning portion of the first PDU isequal in size to the number of bytes unwritten to the selected wordline; and writing, by the MPC, the new word to the selected word line ofthe transmission PHY queue.
 19. The method of claim 18, furthercomprising storing the selected word line in a register in the MPC. 20.The method of claim 17, wherein the transmission PHY queue is afirst-in-first-out (FIFO) queue.
 21. The method of claim 17, wherein thefirst PDU is a MAC PDU (MPDU).
 22. The method of claim 17, wherein thefirst PDU has been processed by the MPC based on a TX descriptor fromthe MAC processor.
 23. The method of claim 17, further comprising usinga pointer to store a memory location of where the first PDU ends.
 24. Anapparatus for writing one or more protocol data units to a word alignedqueue comprising: a media access control physical-layer coprocessor(MPC) logically residing between a physical-layer controller and a mediaaccess controller (MAC) processor configured to: receive a firstprotocol data unit (PDU) from system memory, the system memory beingbyte aligned; prepare the first PDU for storage in a transmissionphysical-layer (PHY) queue, the first PDU being byte aligned, thetransmission PHY queue being word aligned and comprising a plurality ofword lines; and write the first PDU to the transmission PHY queue. 25.The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the MPC is further configured to:receive a selected word line comprising an end portion of a second PDU,the second PDU being previously stored in the transmission PHY queue;determine a number of bytes unwritten to the selected word line; appenda beginning portion of the first PDU to the end portion of the secondPDU to create a new word, wherein the beginning portion of the first PDUis equal in size to the number of bytes unwritten to the selected wordline; and write the new word to the selected word line of thetransmission PHY queue.
 26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the MPCis further configured to store the selected word line in a register inthe MPC.
 27. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the transmission PHYqueue is a first-in-first-out (FIFO) queue.
 28. The apparatus of claim24, wherein the first PDU is a MAC PDU (MPDU).
 29. The apparatus ofclaim 24, wherein the first PDU has been processed by the MPC based on aTX descriptor from the MAC processor.
 30. The apparatus of claim 24,wherein the MPC is further configured to store a memory location ofwhere the first PDU ends.